tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43985850289160636912024-02-08T08:32:01.839-08:00Pakistan Beautiful CountryThis Blog is About My Beautiful Country PAKISTAN. Pakistan covers 340,403 square miles (881,640 km2),[76] approximately equalling the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom.The national animal of Pakistan is the Markhor and the national bird is the Chukar, also known as Chakhoor in Urdu.The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural base to a strong service base.here are currently 730 technical & vocational institutions in Pakistan.Rock n Rockyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12412413804908383866noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4398585028916063691.post-38875334583433686332010-02-16T12:40:00.000-08:002011-09-04T14:07:41.203-07:00Funny Pictures.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://zef.me/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/funny-cat.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://zef.me/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/funny-cat.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 362px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 424px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">This Picture is about CAT. A Cat is not only CAT it is Also Called DOG-CAT.LOL<br />
</span><a href="http://www.funis2cool.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/funny_monkey_pictures.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.funis2cool.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/funny_monkey_pictures.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 368px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 454px;" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
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Ohhh this monkey is Soooooo CUTE. :)<br />
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</span><a href="http://postworthy.com/contributorimages/funny-animals-14.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://postworthy.com/contributorimages/funny-animals-14.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 307px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 331px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red;">Heyyyy.! This CAT is dangerous. :o...<br />
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</span></span><a href="http://media.superpimper.com/graphics/Funny/funny-114.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://media.superpimper.com/graphics/Funny/funny-114.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 378px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 426px;" /></a><br />
This Cat is Ready for Hunt a DOG for Dinner................... :))))))<br />
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<a href="http://media.superpimper.com/graphics/Funny/funny-114.jpg">If You Guys Like this stuff than please Comment.</a><br />
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<div style="text-align: right;">Rock Presentation.</div></div><img alt="" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Zain/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" /></div><br />
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<a href="http://breakthroughfasting.com/">juice fasting</a> is best way to loss weight! Fitness - healthRock n Rockyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12412413804908383866noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4398585028916063691.post-59805435834412814552010-02-15T09:05:00.000-08:002010-02-15T09:18:27.284-08:00Pakistan Intelligence " I-S-I " Inter-Services IntelligenceThe Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (also Inter-Services Intelligence or ISI) is the largest intelligence service in Pakistan. It is one of the three main branches of Pakistan's intelligence agencies. It is also one of the <span style="font-weight:bold;">best</span> intelligence in the <span style="font-weight:bold;">World</span>.. <br />It was founded in 1948. In 1950 it was officially given the task to safe guard Pakistani interests and national security inside and outside the country.Its primery objectives are not only to safeguard Pakistani interests, but also, reinforcing <span style="font-weight:bold;">Pakistan</span> power base in the region.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Structure of ISI<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Joint Intelligence X: JIX</span><br /></span><br />It serves as the secretariat which co-ordinates and provides administrative support to the other ISI wings and field organizations. It also prepares intelligence estimates and threat assessments.It provides administrative support to the other major divisions and regional organizations of the ISI.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB)</span><br /><br />One of the largest and most powerful divisions of the ISI, monitors political intelligence.The JIB consists of three subsections, with one subsection devoted to operations involving India, other operations involve, anti-terrorism and VIP security.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB)</span><br /><br />It includes Deputy Directors for Wireless, Monitoring and Photos, operates a chain of signals intelligence collection stations, and provide communication support to its operatives. It aslo collects Intelligence through monitoring of communications channels of neighboring countries.It has a chain of stations that track and collect intelligence signals along the Indo-Pakistani border, and it provides communications assistance for freedom campaigns in Kashmir.<br />A sizeable number of the staff is from the Army Signal Corps. It is believed that it has its units deployed in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Joint Intelligence Technical (JIT)</span><br /><br />Not much is know about this section however it is believed that JIT include a separate explosives section and a chemical warfare section.<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous (JIM)</span><br /><br />Responsible for covert offensive intelligence operations and war time espionage.<br /><br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">-*-*-*-*-- Questions & Answer -*-*-**-*-</span><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Question:</span> What Is Pakistan's ISI or Inter-Services Intelligence?<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><span style="font-style:italic;">Answer:</span> </span>Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence, known as the ISI (or the Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence) is the country’s largest intelligence service. It is a controversial, sometimes rogue organization that Benazir Bhutto, the late Pakistani prime minister, once termed a “state within a state” for its tendency to operate outside of the Pakistani government’s control and at cross-purposes with American anti-terror policy in South Asia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Question :</span> How did the ISI become so powerful?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><span style="font-style:italic;">Answer:</span></span> The ISI became that “state within a state” only after 1979, largely thanks to billions of dollars in American and Saudi aid and armament covertly channeled exclusively through the ISI to the mujahedeen of Afghanistan to fight the Soviet occupation of that country in the 1980s.<br /><br />Muhammad Zia ul-Haq, Pakistan's military dictator from 1977 to 1988, and the country's first Islamist leader, had positioned himself as the indispensable ally of American interests against Soviet expansion in South Asia--and the ISI as the indispensable clearing house through which all aid and armament would flow. Zia, not the CIA, decided what insurgent groups got what. The arrangement was to have far-reaching implications the CIA didn't foresee, making of Zia and the ISI the unlikely (and, in retrospect, disastrous) hinge of U.S. policy in South Asia. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Former Pakistani ISI General Hamid Gul questions the official story of 9/11 on CNN. </span><br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/mSLgC4cTKcs&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/mSLgC4cTKcs&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Rock n Rockyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12412413804908383866noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4398585028916063691.post-17614391826510959542009-09-12T03:42:00.001-07:002010-02-15T05:44:31.870-08:00علامہ اقبال کی ایک خوہش'زبورِ عجم' علامہ اقبال کا وہ شاہکار ہے جسکی 'انقلابی' نظمیں علامہ کی شدید ترین خواہش کا اظہار واشگاف الفاظ میں کرتی ہیں، 'زبورِ عجم' سے انقلاب کے موضوع پر دو نظمیں پہلے اس بلاگ پر لکھ چکا ہوں، ایک '<a href="http://muhammad-waris.blogspot.com/2009/02/blog-post_22.html" target="_blank">از خوابِ گراں خیز</a>' اور دوسری وہ جس کا ٹیپ کا مصرع ہی '<a href="http://muhammad-waris.blogspot.com/2008/09/blog-post_30.html" target="_blank">انقلاب، اے انقلاب</a>' ہے۔ اسی کتاب میں سے ایک اور نظم لکھ رہا ہوں، دیکھیئے علامہ کیا 'خواہش' کر رہے ہیں۔یا مُسلماں را مَدہ فرماں کہ جاں بر کف بنہیا دریں فرسودہ پیکر تازہ جانے آفریںیا چُناں کُن یا چُنیں(اے خدا) یا تو مسلمانوں کو یہ فرمان مت دے کہ وہ اپنی جانوں کو ہتھیلی پر رکھ لیں یا پھر ان کے کمزور اور فرسودہ جسموں میں نئی جان ڈال دلے (کہ موجودہ حالت میں تو وہ تیرا فرمان بجا لانے سے رہے)۔یا ویسا کر یا ایسا کر۔یا بَرَہمن را بَفَرما، نو خداوندے تراشیا خود اندر سینۂ زنّاریاں خَلوت گزیںیا چُناں کُن یا چُنیںیا برہمن کو یہ حکم دے کہ وہ اپنے لیے نئے خدا تراش لیں (کہ پرانے خداؤں کی محبت انکے دل سے بھی اٹھ چکی اور خلوص باقی نہیں ہے) یا خود ان زنار باندھنے والوں برہمنوں کے سینوں میں خلوت اختیار کر (کہ یا ان کو بت پرستی میں راسخ کر یا مسلماں کر دے)۔یا ویسا کر یا ایسا کر۔یا، دگر آدم کہ از ابلیس باشد کمتَرکیا، دگر ابلیس بہرِ امتحانِ عقل و دیںیا چُناں کُن یا چُنیںیا کوئی اور آدم بنا جو ابلیس سے کم ہو (کہ موجودہ آدم ابلیس سے بھی بڑھ چکا ہے) یا عقل اور دین کے امتحان کے لیے کوئی اور ابلیس بنا (کہ تیرا یہ ابلیس تو انسان کی شیطنت کے آگے ہیچ ہو گیا) ۔یا ویسا کر یا ایسا کر۔یا جہانے تازۂ یا امتحانے تازۂمی کنی تا چند با ما آنچہ کردی پیش ازیںیا چُناں کُن یا چُنیںیا کوئی نیا جہان بنا یا کوئی نیا امتحان بنا، تو ہمارے ساتھ کب تک وہی کچھ کرے گا جو اس سے پہلے بھی کر چکا ہے یعنی ازلوں سے ایک ہی کشمکش ہے، لہذا یا کوئی نیا جہان بنا یا اس آزمائش اور کشمکش کو ہی بدل دے۔یا ویسا کر یا ایسا کر۔فقر بخشی؟ با شَکوہِ خسروِ پرویز بخشیا عطا فرما خرَد با فطرتِ روح الامیںیا چُناں کُن یا چُنیںتُو نے (مسلمانوں کو) فقر بخشا ہے، لیکن انہیں خسرو پرویز جیسی شان و شوکت بھی بخش یعنی طاقت بھی دے، یا انہیں ایسی عقل فرما جسکی فطرت روح الامین (جبریل) جیسی ہو یعنی وہ قرآن سے راہنمائی حاصل کرے۔یا ویسا کر یا ایسا کر۔یا بکُش در سینۂ ما آرزوئے انقلابیا دگرگوں کُن نہادِ ایں زمان و ایں زمیںیا چُناں کُن یا چُنیںیا تو میرے سینے میں انقلاب کی آرزو ہی (ہمیشہ کیلیے) ختم کر دے یا اس زمان و مکان (زمانے) کی بنیاد ہی دگرگوں کر دے، الٹ پلٹ دے، تہ و بالا کر دے، یعنی اس میں انقلاب برپا کر دے۔ ویسا کر یا ایسا کر۔Rock n Rockyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12412413804908383866noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4398585028916063691.post-43647835629095308012009-06-28T02:04:00.000-07:002009-06-28T02:12:44.132-07:00Pakistan<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Pakistan</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" lang="ur"><span lang="und-Arab" title="Nasta'liq" lang="und-Arab" style="font-size: 125%; font-family: IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', PDMS_Jauhar; ">پاکستان</span></span> <i>Pākistān</i> <span class="unicode" style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_pronunciation.ogg" title="Pakistan_pronunciation.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="Pakistan_pronunciation.ogg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; " /></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d8/Pakistan_pronunciation.ogg" class="internal" title="Pakistan pronunciation.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">pronunciation</a> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help; ">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span style="cursor: help; ">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Pakistan pronunciation.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span style="cursor: help; ">info</span></a>)</small></span>), officially the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic" title="Islamic Republic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic Republic</a> of Pakistan</b>, is a country located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Middle_East_Institute_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-Middle_East_Institute-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> It has a 1,046 kilometre (650 mile) coastline along the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabian Sea</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gulf of Oman</a> in the south, and is bordered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a> in the west, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_India" title="Republic of India" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Republic of India</a> in the east and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">People's Republic of China</a> in the far northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashmir_status_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-Kashmir_status-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tajikistan</a> also lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Wakhan Corridor</a>. In recent times, Pakistan has been called part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">New Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The region forming modern Pakistan was home to the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> and then, successively, recipient of ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Vedic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Mongol" title="Turco-Mongol" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Turco-Mongol</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek" title="Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indo-Greek</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic" title="Islamic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic</a> cultures. The area has witnessed invasions and/or settlement by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Aryans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians" title="Persians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persians</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Greeks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Turks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mongols</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sikhs</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">British</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> It was a part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">India</a> during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">British Raj</a> from 1858 to 1947, until the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian independence movement</a> led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahatma Gandhi</a>. When the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistan Movement</a> for a state for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muslims</a> within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">India</a>, led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_League" title="Muslim League" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muslim League</a> resulted in the independence and creation of the Muslim majority state of Pakistan, that comprised the provinces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">North-West Frontier Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">West Punjab</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Balochistan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">East Bengal</a>. With the adoption of its<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">constitution</a> in 1956, Pakistan became an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic republic</a>. In 1971, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">civil war</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">East Pakistan</a> resulted in intervention from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">India</a> and the subsequent independence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bangladesh</a>. Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">military rule</a> and political instability.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Pakistan is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">sixth most populous country</a> in the world and has <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">the second largest Muslim population in the world</a>after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indonesia</a>. The country is listed among the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Eleven" title="Next Eleven" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Next Eleven</a> economies, is a founding member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Islamic_Conference" title="Organisation of the Islamic Conference" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">G20 developing nations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Economic Cooperation Organisation" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Economic Cooperation Organisation</a>. It is also a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">United Nations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">World Trade Organisation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G33_(developing_countries)" title="G33 (developing countries)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">G33 developing countries</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Group of 77 developing nations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">major non-NATO ally of the United States</a> and is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">nuclear state</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2><div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">History of Pakistan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" title="History of South Asia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">History of South Asia</a></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takht_Bhai_jpg.jpg" class="image" title="Takht Bhai listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site is a Buddhist monastic complex dating back to 1st century BC." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Takht_Bhai_jpg.jpg/180px-Takht_Bhai_jpg.jpg" width="180" height="122" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takht_Bhai_jpg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Bhai" title="Takht Bhai" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Takht Bhai</a> listed as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> is a Buddhist monastic complex dating back to 1st century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC" title="BC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">BC</a>.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 102px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="image" title=""The Priest King" Wearing Sindhi Ajruk, ca. 2500 BC. National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/100px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" width="100" height="129" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>"The Priest King" Wearing Sindhi Ajruk, ca. 2500 BC. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan" title="National Museum of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">National Museum</a>, Karachi, Pakistan</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indus region</a>, which covers much of Pakistan, was the site of several ancient cultures including the Neolithic era <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mehrgarh</a> and the Bronze era Indus Valley Civilisation (2500 BCE – 1500 BCE) at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Harappa</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-Daro" title="Mohenjo-Daro" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mohenjo-Daro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indus_valley_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-indus_valley-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Waves of conquerors and migrants from the west—including Harappan, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryans" title="Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_empire" title="Persian empire" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Greek</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka" title="Saka" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Saka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Parthian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan" title="Kushan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kushan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalite" title="Hephthalite" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hephthalite</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan" title="Demography of Afghanistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arab</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Turkics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" title="Mughal (tribe)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mughal</a>—settled in the region through out the centuries, influencing the locals and being absorbed among them.<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-ciafactbook-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Great ancient empires of the east—such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nandas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mauryas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_Empire" title="Sunga Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sungas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Guptas</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Palas</a>—ruled these territories at different times from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patliputra" title="Patliputra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Patliputra</a>. Also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Emperor Harsha</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Thanesar</a>ruled present-day Pakistan for over half a century.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">However, in the medieval period, while the eastern provinces of Punjab and Sindh grew aligned with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indo-Islamic civilisation</a>, the western areas became culturally allied with the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iranian civilisation</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Almanac_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-Almanac-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> The region served as crossroads of historic trade routes, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Silk Road</a>, and as a maritime entreport for the coastal trade between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mesopotamia</a> and beyond up to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rome</a> in the west and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar" title="Malabar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Malabar</a> and beyond up to China in the east.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 162px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MenandrosCoin.jpg" class="image" title="Menander I was one of the rulers of the Indo-Greek Kingdom in northern India and present-day Pakistan." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MenandrosCoin.jpg/160px-MenandrosCoin.jpg" width="160" height="152" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MenandrosCoin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Menander I</a> was one of the rulers of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> in northern India and present-day Pakistan.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Indus Valley Civilisation collapsed in the middle of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Civilisation" title="Vedic Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Vedic Civilisation</a>, which also extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid" title="Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Achaemenid</a> Persian empire<sup id="cite_ref-achaemenid_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-achaemenid-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> around 543 BCE, Greek empire founded by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alexander the Great</a><sup id="cite_ref-plutarch_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-plutarch-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> in 326 BCE and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryan" title="Mauryan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mauryan</a> empire there after. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> founded by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Demetrius of Bactria</a> included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gandhara</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjab</a> from 184 BCE, and reached its greatest extent under<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Menander</a>, establishing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Greco-Buddhist</a> period with advances in trade and culture. The city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Taxila</a>(Takshashila) became a major centre of learning in ancient times—the remains of the city, located to the west of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamabad</a>, are one of the country's major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">archaeological sites</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_Dynasty" title="Rai Dynasty" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rai Dynasty</a> (c.489–632) of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindh</a>, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories. In 712 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">CE</a>, the Arab general <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" title="Muhammad bin Qasim" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad bin Qasim</a><sup id="cite_ref-qasim_16-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-qasim-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup>conquered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan" title="Multan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Multan</a> in southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjab</a>. The Pakistan government's official chronology states that "its foundation was laid" as a result of this conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Information_of_Pakistan_17-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-Information_of_Pakistan-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arab</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic</a> victory would set the stage for several successive Muslim empires in South Asia, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" title="Ghaznavid Empire" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ghaznavid Empire</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ghorid</a> Kingdom, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Delhi Sultanate</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mughal Empire</a>. During this period, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi" title="Sufi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sufi</a>missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islam</a>.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mogulreich_Akbar.png" class="image" title="Mughal Empire under Akbar the Great (1605)." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mogulreich_Akbar.png/180px-Mogulreich_Akbar.png" width="180" height="145" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mogulreich_Akbar.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mughal Empire</a> under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" title="Akbar the Great" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Akbar the Great</a> (1605).</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century provided opportunities for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochis" title="Balochis" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Balochis</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sikhs</a> to exercise control over large areas until the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" title="British East India Company" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">British East India Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-east_india_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-east_india-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> gained ascendancy over South Asia. The<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, also known as the Indian Mutiny, in 1857 was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian National Congress</a> in the twentieth century. In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, and displaying commitment to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ahimsa</a></i>, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">civil disobedience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CONCISE_ENCYCLOPEDIA_3_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-CONCISE_ENCYCLOPEDIA_3-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">rule in India</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" title="All India Muslim League" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">All India Muslim League</a> rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. On 29 December 1930, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbal" title="Allama Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Allama Iqbal</a>'s presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India."<sup id="cite_ref-iqbal1_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-iqbal1-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> espoused the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Nation_Theory" title="Two Nation Theory" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Two Nation Theory</a></i> and led the Muslim League to adopt the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lahore Resolution</a></i> of 1940, popularly known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Resolution" title="Pakistan Resolution" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistan Resolution</a>. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">British India</a>—including Nehru and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" title="Abul Kalam Azad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abul Kalam Azad</a> on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" title="Master Tara Singh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Master Tara Singh</a> representing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sikhs</a>—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence. The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ramadan</a> 1366 in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Calendar" title="Islamic Calendar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic Calendar</a>), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">British India</a> and comprising the provinces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Balochistan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">East Bengal</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">North-West Frontier Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">West Punjab</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindh</a>. The controversial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">division of the provinces</a> of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan—millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sikhs</a> moved to India. Disputes arose over several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">princely states</a> including Muslim-majority <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hindu</a> ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Kashmir_War" title="First Kashmir War" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">First Kashmir War</a> in 1948.</p><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GGJinnah.jpg" class="image" title="Governor General Jinnah delivering the opening address on 11 August 1947 to the new state of Pakistan." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/GGJinnah.jpg/140px-GGJinnah.jpg" width="140" height="179" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GGJinnah.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General" title="Governor General" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Governor General</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah" title="Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jinnah</a> delivering the opening address on 11 August 1947 to the new state of Pakistan.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAK1971.jpg" class="image" title="The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PAK1971.jpg/180px-PAK1971.jpg" width="180" height="175" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAK1971.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">East Pakistan</a> separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bangladesh</a>.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Dominion</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d’état" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">coup d’état</a> by General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ayub Khan</a>, who was president during 1958–69, a period of internal instability and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">second war</a> with India in 1965. His successor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Yahya Khan</a> (1969–71) had to deal with a devastating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">cyclone</a>—which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan—and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">East Pakistan</a> led to violent political tension and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_atrocities" title="1971 Bangladesh atrocities" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">military repression</a> that escalated into a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1971war_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-1971war-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> After nine months of guerrilla warfare between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistan Army</a> and the Bengali <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mukti Bahini</a> militia backed by India, later Indian intervention escalated into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bangladesh_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-Bangladesh-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zia-ul-Haq</a>, who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sharia</a> legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Benazir Bhutto</a>, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nawaz Sharif</a> as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gulf War</a> and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gulf_war_23-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-gulf_war-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Military tensions in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kargil conflict</a><sup id="cite_ref-kargil_24-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-kargil-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> with India were followed by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999</a><sup id="cite_ref-1999coup_25-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-1999coup-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> in which General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pervez Musharraf</a> assumed vast executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">President</a> after the controversial resignation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Tarar" title="Rafiq Tarar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rafiq Tarar</a>. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamali" title="Zafarullah Khan Jamali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zafarullah Khan Jamali</a>, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Aziz" title="Shaukat Aziz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shaukat Aziz</a>. On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan. However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">assassination of Benazir Bhutto</a> during the election campaign in December led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" title="Pakistan Peoples Party" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) won the most number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a> was sworn in as Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup>On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharaff resigned from the presidency when faced with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">impeachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> More than 3 million Pakistani civilians have been displaced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" title="War in North-West Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">conflict in North-West Pakistan</a> between the government and Taliban militants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Government_and_politics" id="Government_and_politics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Pakistan is Beautiful Country But now in Days Becoz of America Pakistan Have ruined .. They Killed Alot of innocents People .. America is Biggest Enemy Of Pakistan . They Attack an Innocent Country Afghanistan . Now they r Destroying Pakistan .. </span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9px; line-height: 13px; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Demographics</span></h2><div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Demographics of Pakistan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ethnic groups in Pakistan</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_population_density.png" class="image" title="Population density in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Pakistan_population_density.png/180px-Pakistan_population_density.png" width="180" height="184" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_population_density.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Population density in Pakistan</div></div></div></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The estimated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">population</a> of Pakistan is 172,800,000,<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_0-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-ref1-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> making it the world's sixth most-populous country, behind <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Brazil</a> and ahead of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Russia</a>. By the year 2020, the country's population is expected to reach 208 million, owing to a relatively high growth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> About 20 % of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to the fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in the 1980s and has since declined significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-population_45-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-population-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Pakistan also has a high infant mortality rate of 70 per thousand births.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_2_46-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_2-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indus River</a>. By population size, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Karachi</a> is the biggest city of Pakistan. In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lahore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Faisalabad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamabad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sialkot</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowshera" title="Nowshera" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nowshera</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabi" title="Swabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Swabi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mardan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Peshawar</a>. In the past, the country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has, however, been moderated by declining fertility and birth rates. Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanization and the emergence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">megacities</a>. During 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanized nation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">South Asia</a>, with city dwellers making up 34% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population. Approximately 1.7 million <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghan refugees</a> remain in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Nearly half of this population actually was born and grew up in Pakistan during the last 30 years, so they have never seen Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> They are not counted in the national census, even the ones born in Pakistan, because they are still considered citizens of Afghanistan. About 8 million <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhajirs</a>—then roughly one-fourth of the country’s population—arrived from India after the partition in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></p><table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; width: 97%; font-size: 100%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: black; "><caption align="center" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: larger; ">Cities by population (2009 estimation)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank" title="Rank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rank</a></th><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">City</a></th><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province" title="Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Province</a></th><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Population</a></th><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank" title="Rank" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rank</a></th><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">City</a></th><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province" title="Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Province</a></th><th align="center" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Population</a></th><th rowspan="11" style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of_Pakistani_cities_by_population" title="Template:List of Pakistani cities by population" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template">view</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Pakistani_cities_by_population" title="Template talk:List of Pakistani cities by population" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_Pakistani_cities_by_population&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_Pakistani_cities_by_population&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_At_Night.JPEG" class="image" title="Karachi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="Karachi" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Karachi_At_Night.JPEG/140px-Karachi_At_Night.JPEG" width="140" height="91" class="thumbborder" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); " /></a><br />Karachi, Sindh<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_(1).jpg" class="image" title="Lahore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="Lahore" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg/140px-Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg" width="140" height="93" class="thumbborder" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); " /></a><br />Lahore, Punjab</p></th></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">1</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Karachi</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindh</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">12,827,927</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">11</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sargodha</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">586,922</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">2</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lahore</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjab</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">6,936,563</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">12</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bahawalpur</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">530,438</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">3</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Faisalabad</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">2,793,721</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">13</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sialkot</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">502,721</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">4</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rawalpindi</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">1,933,933</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">14</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sukkur</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Sindh</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">476,776</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">5</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan" title="Multan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Multan</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">1,566,932</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">15</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Larkana</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Sindh</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">435,817</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">6</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad, Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hyderabad</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Sindh</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">1 536 398</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">16</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhupura" title="Shekhupura" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shekhupura</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">411,834</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">7</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gujranwala</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">1,526,168</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">17</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhang" title="Jhang" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jhang</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">365,198</td></tr><tr><td style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">8</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Peshawar</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">North-West Frontier</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">1,390,874</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">18</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mardan</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">North-West Frontier</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">340,898</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">9</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Quetta</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Balochistan</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">859,973</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">19</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan" title="Rahim Yar Khan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rahim Yar Khan</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">340,810</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">10</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamabad</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">673,766</td><td align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); vertical-align: top; background-position: initial initial; ">20</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align: top; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat" title="Gujrat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gujrat</a></b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Punjab</td><td style="vertical-align: top; ">328,512</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Languages" id="Languages" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-size: 132%; margin-bottom: 0.3em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Languages</span></h3><div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Languages of Pakistan</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_ethnic_1973.jpg" class="image" title="Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pakistan_ethnic_1973.jpg/180px-Pakistan_ethnic_1973.jpg" width="180" height="171" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_ethnic_1973.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Pakistan is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual" title="Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">multilingual</a> country with more than sixty languages being spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> English is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">official language</a> of Pakistan and used in official business, government, and legal contacts,<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_12-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-ciafactbook-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Urdu</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language" title="National language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">national language</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjabi</a> is the provincial language of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Punjab" title="Pakistani Punjab" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjab</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language" title="Pashto language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pashto</a> is the provincial language of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWFP" title="NWFP" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">NWFP</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindhi</a> is the provincial language of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Balochi</a> is the provincial language of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Balochistan</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The following are some of the major languages spoken in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjabi</a> (44.15%)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language" title="Pashto language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pashto</a> (15.42%)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindhi</a> (14.1%)</li></ol><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-size: 132%; margin-bottom: 0.3em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Religions</span></h3><div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Religion in Pakistan</a></div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="clear: right; float: right; border-top-color: silver; border-right-color: silver; border-bottom-color: silver; border-left-color: silver; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; padding-top: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.4em; margin-left: 0.4em; font-size: 100%; color: black; background-color: white; "><tbody><tr style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); background-position: initial initial; "><th align="center" colspan="5"><big>Religion in Pakistan</big></th></tr><tr style="font-size: 90%; height: 4px; "><td style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; ">religion</td><td align="right" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; "></td><td style="width: 100px; "></td><td align="right" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; width: 5em; ">percent</td><td align="right" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; "></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em; ">Islam</td><td style="width: 100px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: silver; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: green; width: 96%; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: initial initial; "> </div></td><td colspan="2" align="right" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; ">96%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em; ">Hinduism</td><td style="width: 100px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: silver; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: red; width: 1.85%; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: initial initial; "> </div></td><td colspan="2" align="right" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; ">1.85%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em; ">Christianity</td><td style="width: 100px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: silver; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: blue; width: 1.6%; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: initial initial; "> </div></td><td colspan="2" align="right" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; ">1.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em; ">Sikhism</td><td style="width: 100px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: silver; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: yellow; width: 0.04%; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: initial initial; "> </div></td><td colspan="2" align="right" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; ">.04%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em; ">Other</td><td style="width: 100px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: silver; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: orange; width: 0.51%; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: initial initial; "> </div></td><td colspan="2" align="right" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; ">.51%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; "></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 132px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faisal_Mosque.PNG" class="image" title="Faisal Mosque in Islamabad is the largest in the country." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Faisal_Mosque.PNG/130px-Faisal_Mosque.PNG" width="130" height="87" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faisal_Mosque.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Faisal Mosque</a> in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamabad</a> is the largest in the country.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Pakistan is the second-most populous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_majority_countries" title="List of Muslim majority countries" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muslim-majority country</a><sup id="cite_ref-ayres_56-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-ayres-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> and also has the second-largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_population" title="Shi'a population" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shi'a population</a> in the world. About 95% of the Pakistanis are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muslim</a>, of which nearly 70% are<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sunni</a> and 30% are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" title="Shi'a Islam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shi'a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_12-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-ciafactbook-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the two groups of Muslims usually coexist peacefully, sectarian violence occurs sporadically.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The religious breakdown of the country is as follows<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_12-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-ciafactbook-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islam</a> 173,000,000 (95%) (nearly 70% are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" title="Sunni Muslims" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sunni Muslims</a> and 30% are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_Muslims" title="Shi'a Muslims" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shi'a Muslims</a>).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hinduism</a> 3,200,000 (1.85%)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Christianity</a> 2,800,000 (1.6%)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sikhs</a> Around 5,000 (0.001%)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The remaining are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi_people" title="Parsi people" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Parsis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmadis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" title="Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Buddhists</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jews</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bahá'ís</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist" title="Animist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Animists</a> (mainly the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalasha_of_Chitral" title="Kalasha of Chitral" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kalasha of Chitral</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Military" id="Military" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Military</span></h2><div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Pakistan" title="Military of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Military of Pakistan</a></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Pakistan" title="Military of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">armed forces</a> of Pakistan are an all-volunteer force and are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_active_troops" title="List of countries by number of active troops" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sixth-largest</a> in the world. The three main services are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Army</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Navy</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Air Force</a>, supported by a number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_Pakistan" title="Paramilitary forces of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">paramilitary forces</a> which carry out internal security roles and border patrols. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_National_Command_Authority" title="Pakistan National Command Authority" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">National Command Authority</a> is responsible for exercising employment and development control of all strategic nuclear forces and organizations.</p><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistani_F2000.JPEG" class="image" title="Pakistan Air Force personnel during a competition course." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pakistani_F2000.JPEG/180px-Pakistani_F2000.JPEG" width="180" height="120" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistani_F2000.JPEG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistan Air Force</a> personnel during a competition course.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Pakistan military first saw combat in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">First Kashmir War</a>, gaining control of what is now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Azad Kashmir</a>. In 1961, the army repelled a major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan#Pakistan-Afghanistan_border_clash_of_1961" title="Military history of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghan incursion</a> on Pakistan's western border.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Pakistan and India would be at war again in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1965</a> and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1971</a>. In 1973, the military quelled a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan#Baloch_Nationalist_uprisings_.281973-1978.29" title="Military history of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Baloch nationalist uprising</a>. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Soviet war in Afghanistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Soviet-Afghan war</a>, Pakistan shot down several intruding pro-Soviet Afghan aircraft and provided covert support to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghan mujahideen</a> through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> agency. In 1999, Pakistan was involved in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kargil conflict</a> with India. Currently, the military is engaged in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Pakistan_(2004%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Pakistan (2004–present)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">armed conflict</a> with extremist Islamic militants in the north-west of the country.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Pakistani armed forces are the second largest contributor to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Pakistan_-_United_Nations_Peacekeeping_missions" title="Military of Pakistan - United Nations Peacekeeping missions" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">United Nations</a> peacekeeping efforts, with more than 10,000 personnel deployed in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-unpko-summary_60-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-unpko-summary-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> In the past, Pakistani personnel have volunteered to serve alongside Arab forces in conflicts with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Israel</a>. Pakistan provided a military contingent to the U.N.-backed coalition in the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Pakistan's military employs armaments that include atomic weapons, mobile vehicle ballistic missile systems, laser communication systems, armored cars and tanks, and multi-role fighter/bomber jets.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Geography_and_climate" id="Geography_and_climate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Geography and climate</span></h2><div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Geography of Pakistan</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K2_8611.jpg" class="image" title="K2 at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) is the second highest peak in the world" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/K2_8611.jpg/180px-K2_8611.jpg" width="180" height="116" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K2_8611.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2" title="K2" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">K2</a> at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) is the second highest peak in the world</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Pakistan covers 340,403 square miles (881,640 km<sup style="line-height: 1em; ">2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-area_from_factbook_62-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-area_from_factbook-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> approximately equalling the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. Its eastern regions are located on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian tectonic plate</a> and the western and northern regions on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iranian plateau</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_landplate" title="Eurasian landplate" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Eurasian landplate</a>. Apart from the 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabian Sea</a> coastline, Pakistan's land borders total 6,774 kilometres—2,430 kilometres (1,509 mi) with Afghanistan to the northwest, 523 kilometres (325 mi) with China to the northeast, 2,912 kilometres (1,809 mi) with India to the east and 909 kilometres (565 mi) with Iran to the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_12-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-ciafactbook-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MangoTree.jpeg" class="image" title="Mango Orchard in Multan, Punjab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MangoTree.jpeg/180px-MangoTree.jpeg" width="180" height="135" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MangoTree.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Mango Orchard in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan" title="Multan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Multan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjab</a></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The northern and western highlands of Pakistan contain the towering Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges, which incorporate some of the world's highest peaks, including K2 (28,250 ft; 8,611 m) and Nanga Parbat (26,660 ft; 8,126 m). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Baluchistan</a> Plateau lies to the west, and the Thar Desert and an expanse of alluvial plains, the Punjab and Sind, lie to the east. The 1,000-mile-long (1,609-km) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-64" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Rainfall can vary radically from year to year, and successive patterns of flooding and drought are also not uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Flora_and_fauna" id="Flora_and_fauna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Flora and fauna</span></h2><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The national animal of Pakistan is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Markhor</a> and the national bird is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukar" title="Chukar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Chukar</a>, also known as Chakhoor in Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-66" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> The wide variety of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows for a wide variety of wild animals and birds. The forests range from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous" title="Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">coniferous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">alpine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalpine" title="Subalpine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">subalpine</a> trees such as spruce, pine, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodar_cedar" title="Deodar cedar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">deodar cedar</a> in the northern mountains to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">deciduous</a> trees such as the mulberry-type Shisham in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sulaiman range</a> in the south. The western hills have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">juniper</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarisk" title="Tamarisk" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">tamarisk</a> as well as coarse grasses and scrub plants. Along the southern coast are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mangrove</a> forests which form much of the coastal wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the south, there are crocodiles in the murky waters at the mouth of the Indus River whilst on the banks of the river, there are boars, deer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">porcupines</a>, and small rodents. In the sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are found jackals, hyenas, wild cats, panthers, and leopards while the clear blue skies abound with hawks, falcons, and eagles. In the southwestern deserts are rare <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Cheetah" title="Asiatic Cheetah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Asiatic cheetahs</a>. In the northern mountains are a variety of endangered animals including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheep" title="Marco Polo sheep" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Marco Polo sheep</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urial" title="Urial" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Urial sheep</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Markhor</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibex</a> goats, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear" title="Asiatic black bear" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">black</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">brown</a> Himalayan bears, and the rare <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Leopard" title="Snow Leopard" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Snow Leopard</a>. During August 2006, Pakistan donated an orphaned snow leopard cub called Leo to USA.<sup id="cite_ref-LeotheLeopard_68-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-LeotheLeopard-68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Another rare species is the blind <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River_Dolphin" title="Indus River Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indus River Dolphin</a> of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> In recent years the number of wild animals being killed for fur and leather trading led to a new law banning the hunting of wild animals and birds and the establishment of several wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves. The number of hunters have greatly dwindled since then.<sup id="cite_ref-wildlife_70-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-wildlife-70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">[</a></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-wildlife-70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">71</a><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-wildlife-70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">]</a></span></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9px; line-height: 13px; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Society and Culture</span></h2><div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Culture of Pakistan</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg" class="image" title="Cloth market in Karachi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg/180px-Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg" width="180" height="137" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Cloth market in Karachi</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0407_207.jpg" class="image" title="A sitar workshop in Islamabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/0407_207.jpg/180px-0407_207.jpg" width="180" height="135" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0407_207.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>A sitar workshop in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamabad</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal.jpg" class="image" title="Muhammad Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iqbal.jpg/180px-Iqbal.jpg" width="180" height="238" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, the national poet of Pakistan</div></div></div></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Pakistani society is largely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical" title="Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hierarchical</a>, with high regard for traditional Islamic values, although urban families have grown into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">nuclear family</a> system because of the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_family" title="Joint family" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">joint family</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-97" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Karachi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lahore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad, Sindh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Faisalabad</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Peshawar</a> that wish to move in a more centrist direction, as opposed to the northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Areas_of_Pakistan" title="Tribal Areas of Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">tribal</a> customs. Increasing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">globalization</a> has resulted in ranking 46th on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.T._Kearney" title="A.T. Kearney" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">A.T. Kearney</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">FP</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_Index" title="Globalization Index" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Globalization Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-globalization_98-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-globalization-98" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistani music</a> ranges from diverse provincial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">folk music</a> and traditional styles such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Qawwali</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ghazal Gayaki</a> to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan</a>. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Lohar" title="Alam Lohar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alam Lohar</a>, who is also well known in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian Punjab</a>. However, majority of Pakistanis listen to Indian music produced by Bollywood and other Indian film industries. The arrival of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghan refugees</a> in the western provinces has rekindled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pashto</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians" title="Persians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> music and established <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Peshawar</a> as a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution centre for Afghan music abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-99" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> State-owned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistan Television Corporation</a>(PTV) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a> were the dominant media outlets, but there are now numerous private television channels. Various American, European, and Asian television channels and films are available to the majority of the Pakistani population via private Television Networks, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_TV" title="Cable TV" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">cable</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">satellite television</a>. There are also small indigenous film industries based in Lahore and Peshawar (often referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lollywood</a>). And while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bollywood</a> films have been banned from being played in public cinemas since 1965 they have remained popular in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcentertainment_100-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-bbcentertainment-100" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tleft" style="width: auto; float: left; clear: left; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Data_durbar_(5).JPG" class="image" title="Data Durbar in Lahore is the tomb of Ali Hajweri, eleventh century Sufi." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Data_durbar_%285%29.JPG/150px-Data_durbar_%285%29.JPG" width="150" height="200" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Data_durbar_(5).JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Durbar" title="Data Durbar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Data Durbar</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lahore</a> is the tomb of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hajweri" title="Ali Hajweri" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ali Hajweri</a>, eleventh century Sufi.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">architecture</a> of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be designated to four distinct periods — <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistory" title="History of India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">pre-Islamic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#The_Muslim_period" title="History of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Colonial_era" title="History of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">colonial</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Independence" title="History of Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">post-colonial</a>. With the beginning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_civilization" title="Indus civilization" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Indus civilization</a> around the middle of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">3rd millennium</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-101" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> B.C., an advanced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">urban culture</a> developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-102" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro" title="Mohenjo Daro" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mohenjo Daro</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Harappa</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_Diji" title="Kot Diji" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kot Diji</a> belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Buddhism</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Greek</a> influence led to the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Greco-Buddhist</a> style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gandhara</a> style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Bhai" title="Takht Bhai" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Takht-i-Bahi</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">northwest province</a>. The arrival of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islam</a> in today's Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-103" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> However, a smooth transition to predominantly pictureless <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic architecture</a> occurred. The most important of the few completely discovered buildings of Persian style is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukn-e-Alam" title="Rukn-e-Alam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan" title="Multan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Multan</a>. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" title="Mughal (tribe)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mughal</a> era design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of the Hindustani art. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lahore</a>, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_mosque" title="Badshahi mosque" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Badshahi mosque</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">fortress of Lahore</a> with the famous<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgiri_Gate" title="Alamgiri Gate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alamgiri Gate</a>, the colourful, still strongly Persian seeming <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Wazir Khan Mosque</a> as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. Also the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjahan_Mosque" title="Shahjahan Mosque" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahjahan Mosque</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Thatta</a> in Sindh originates from the epoch of the Mughals. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Faisal Mosque</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Minar-e-Pakistan</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mazar-e-Quaid</a>.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px; min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 94%; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_kalash_man_dancing_in_uchaw_festival.jpg" class="image" title="A Kalash man dances during the Uchau Festival." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/A_kalash_man_dancing_in_uchaw_festival.jpg/180px-A_kalash_man_dancing_in_uchaw_festival.jpg" width="180" height="120" class="thumbimage" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 94%; text-align: left; "><div class="magnify" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; float: right; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_kalash_man_dancing_in_uchaw_festival.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash" title="Kalash" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kalash</a> man dances during the<i>Uchau</i> Festival.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Pakistan" title="Literature of Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">literature of Pakistan</a> covers the literatures of languages spread throughout the country, namely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Urdu</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sindhi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Punjabi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language" title="Pashto language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pushto</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Baluchi</a> as well as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-104" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> in recent times and in the past often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> as well. Prior to the 19th century, the literature mainly consisted of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">lyric poetry</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism#Sufi_poetry" title="Sufism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">religious</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mystical</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture#Folklore" title="Pop culture" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">popular</a> materials. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">colonial age</a> the native literary figures, under the influence of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">western literature</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">realism</a>, took up increasingly different topics and telling forms. Today, short stories enjoy a special popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-105" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> The national poet of Pakistan, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Allama Muhammad Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Allama Muhammad Iqbal</a>, suggested the creation of a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. However, Iqbal had also wrote the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirana-e-Hind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirana-e-Hind (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-position: initial initial; ">Tirana-e-Hind</a> which stated the belief of a strong united India. His book <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> is a major work of modern Islamic philosophy. The most well-known representative of the contemporary Urdu literature of Pakistan is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmed_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmed Faiz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Faiz Ahmed Faiz</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi" title="Sufi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sufi</a> poetry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif" title="Shah Abdul Latif" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shah Abdul Latif</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah" title="Bulleh Shah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bulleh Shah</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawaja_Farid" title="Khawaja Farid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khawaja Farid</a> are also very popular in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-106" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Kalich_Beg" title="Mirza Kalich Beg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mirza Kalich Beg</a> has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#cite_note-107" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Holidays" id="Holidays" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-size: 132%; margin-bottom: 0.3em; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Holidays</span></h3><table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; color: black; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-collapse: collapse; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gregorian Date</a></th><th style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">English</a></th><th colspan="2" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabic</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Urdu</a></th><th colspan="3" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic Date</a></th></tr><tr><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">variable</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">The Tenth Day</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" title="Day of Ashura" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ashura</a></i></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><big>عاشوراء</big></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>9-10</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muharram</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">variable</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">Day of the Sacrifice</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" title="Eid ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Eid ul-Adha</a></i></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><big>عيد الأضحى</big></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><b>10</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Dhu al-Hijjah</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">variable</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; ">Birth of the Prophet Muhammad</td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><i>Eid Milad an Nabi</i></a></td><td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; "><big>مَوْل�</big></td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px;"><br /></span></p></h2><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.6em; background-position: initial initial; "><br /></h2></div></span><p></p>Rock n Rockyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12412413804908383866noreply@blogger.com2